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= = =Literary Terms and Elements of Literature ([|Review Here])= --For literary terms, know definitions and be able to identify examples in context.

Essay Pointers--
Midterm exam essays typically ask that you discuss some specific examples in the context of a larger question. Here's an example of a typical essay question on an exam:

//Consider how setting in each of the stories we've read affects the conflict. Select three of our six short stories and write about how each story's central conflict is both created by and resolved by changes in the setting.// (no, this is NOT the essay question)

--On your midterm, you will be writing two essays. One will focus on the //Odyssey//, the other on short stories.

Odyssey [|Podcast of Books 13-15, & 18]--Listen for Review (type Odyssey in search bar on site to find the podcasts) Handouts you may need are at [|drop.io/cgiraud#]

= = =__//The Odyssey//__= =List of Characters=
 * Odysseus
 * lost at sea (why? on an island?)
 * king of Ithaca
 * father of Telemachus
 * was a fighter in Troy (major hero)
 * husband of Penelope
 * Telemachus
 * son of Odysseus
 * Athena
 * daughter of Zeus
 * helps Telemachus
 * helps Odysseus
 * Poseidon
 * God that's stopping Odysseus from coming home
 * Also gets Hephaistos to free Aphrodite and Ares from the chain net after catching them in the act with a promise to provide collateral if Ares & Zeus do not pay up
 * Penelope
 * Odysseus's wife
 * Zeus
 * main God
 * Kalypso
 * beautiful nymph, keeps Odysseus from getting home on the island- Ogygia
 * Antinoos
 * main suitor
 * plans to kill Telemakhos
 * intercept by ship and stab him
 * Eurymakhos
 * main suitor
 * Alkinoos
 * King of Skheria
 * husband of Arete
 * father of Nausikaa
 * Nausikaa
 * daughter of Alkinoos and Arete
 * helps Odysseus get to and approach her parents
 * gives clothing
 * gives directions
 * Menelaus
 * King of Sparta
 * Eurymakhos
 * main suitor
 * Aphrodite(Kythereia)
 * Goddess of Love
 * She cheats on Hephaistos with Ares.
 * Ares
 * God of War
 * Cheats with Aphrodite
 * Nestor
 * King of Pylos
 * Helios
 * God of fire
 * Spys for Hephaistos (sees Aphrodite and Ares together and tells him)


 * Rosy-fingered Dawn
 * Red-haired Menelaus
 * Grey-eyed Athena
 * Clear-headed Telemakhos
 * Wine-dark Sea
 * Aphrodite, Laughter's Daughter

=Places=

**Topics for the book:** - =The Epic=
 * __Ithaka__
 * home of Odysseus
 * where all of the suiters are
 * __Lakedaimon__
 * Pylos
 * Nestors's home
 * Sparta
 * Menelaus' home
 * __Troy__
 * Where the war was
 * __Argos__
 * Agamemnon is the King
 * Ogygia
 * where Kalypso is keeping Odysseus
 * __Xenia__
 * 3 rules
 * don't ask questions until your guest needs something
 * give them food, a bath and a drink
 * give them a gift after the party
 * __Blood feud__
 * a war between members in a family
 * __Kleos__
 * heroes, glory that passes from father to son
 * __Epithet__
 * piece of information that describes the subject
 * __Patterns in the Odyssey__
 * fightingsacrifice
 * arrival and departure
 * abuse of Odysseus
 * __Meters__
 * the musicality of a language - it is a pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables in a line
 * __Pathos__
 * feeling sorry for someone, pity
 * __Meters__
 * the musicality of a language - it is a pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables in a line
 * __Pathos__
 * feeling sorry for someone, pity

> stock episodes > visit to underworld (happens in almost all greek epics) =Side Stories=
 * Opens in media res (in the middle of things)
 * all the suitors taking over
 * Invocation (calling) to the muse
 * "sing in me muse and through me tell the story"
 * Who is invoking the muse?
 * Homer
 * What practical purpose might the meter serve?
 * It's easy to remember
 * __fate of a people or a nation is at stake__
 * large scale
 * big ships
 * many ppl killed
 * big parties
 * intervention of supernatural
 * long catalogs (long list of ppl)
 * extensive battles
 * Agamemnon' Death
 * Agamemnon sacrifices his daughter, Iphegenia, to please the goddess Artemis and have her blow the wind in a favorable direction so he and his fleet of 1000 ships can sail to Troy. His wife, Klytaimnestra is overcome with grief and wants revenge.
 * He sails to Troy and is absent from home for 10 years. In his absense Klytaimnestra takes a lover, Aigisthos.
 * His return home is reported to Aigisthos by a man he left to keep watch in case Agamemnon should return. He runs to tell Aigisthos that Agamemnon has returned, he invites him into dinner and "kills him like a lamb at the slaughter"
 * Aigisthos and Klytaimnestra rule Mykenai for seven years, in the eigth year they are both killed by Orestes, Klytaimnestra and Agamemnon's son who wants revenge for the death of his father. (yes, he kills his own mother)


 * Menelaos/ Proteus's struggle
 * Menelaos and his crew, on their way home from Troy are detained by the gods in Egypt on the island of Pharos by the gods stopping the wind
 * They are stranded there for a twenty days and the men start to weaken from malnutrition/dehydration
 * A goddess, Eidothea, daughter of Proteus, intervenes in pity and tell Menelaos to capture her father and force him to tell him why the gods have stranded them on the island
 * She hides them under sealskins at dawn when Proteus came and checked on his seals and then fell asleep. They then jumped on him and attacked him, holding him until he answered their questions. The god shape-shifted, though so it was a long, hard battle.
 * Proteus tells Menelaos the reason he is trapped on this island is because he did not pay proper homage to the gods
 * He also tells him that two of his fellow officers from the battlefield of Troy were lost on the way home, Aias and Odysseus; the first killed at sea and the second, living but stranded at sea
 * He also tells him how is brother (Agamemnon) has been killed (^see above story^) and Menelaos weeps for his fallen friends
 * Menelaos then sacrifices to the gods, gets a wind, and resumes his journey home

= =
 * Aphrodite and Ares
 * Aphrodite, the goddess of love (also known as Kythereia) is married to Hephaistos, the god of the forge.
 * Aphrodite is having an affair with Ares, the god of war.
 * Helios, the god of fire, sees them together and tells Hephaistos, who is sad and angry because he loves Aphrodite
 * He goes to his forge and makes a blanket of chain, so fine and strong that it will be able to hold to two gods and yet remain undetected until it is pulled tight
 * He rigs it to the top of the posts and makes it very obvious that he is leaving yet he leaves Helios as a guard
 * Ares immediately comes and he and Aphrodite go to be but the net falls down around them and traps them
 * Helios reports to Hephaistos that they are caught and he returns home, he shouts at them, so loudly that all the gods hear him and come. He shouts to his father, Zeus, about how they two lovers will remain inprisoned in the chain until all his wedding gifts for Aphrodite (the things he paid to have the right to marry her) are returned, though in truth he is mad at Aphrodite and whining about how his leg is crippled so se does not desire him over the "devastating Ares"
 * His shouts bring the rest of the gods to his door to see the spectacle, though the goddesses stay home "out of shame"
 * They all poke fun at Aphrodite and Ares, joking around how they would undergo such treatment and more to be Aphrodite's lover
 * Hephaistos plans to keep them there until he is reimbursed for his bride gifts but Poseidon gets him to let them out by promising to back Ares in the case that he does not pay Hephaistos's "fine"
 * He releases them and Ares flees to Thrace, Aphrodite to Kypros Isle in Paphos